知识清单

知识归纳　Key Phrase　★★★

part of　　……的部分

leisure activity　　休闲活动

decide on　　决定

get away from　　远离，摆脱

breathe some fresh air　　呼吸新鲜空气

air pollution　　空气污染

be filled with　　充满，装满

a lot of traffic　　交通拥堵

the number of　　……的数量

bad traffic　　交通状况不佳的情况

less than　　小于，少于，不足

more than　　大于，多于，超过

relate to　　涉及，与……相关

get around　　四处走动

all year round　　全年，一年到头

do for fun　　为娱乐、消遣而做某事

life jacket　　救生衣

be different from　　与……不同

go across　　越过，穿过，横穿

change...into　　（使）变换，变成

belong to　　属于

at one time　　曾经，一度

no wonder　　难怪，怪不得，不足为奇

hundreds of　　成百上千的

in fact　　实际上

be located in　　位于，坐落于

in my opinion　　在我看来

first of all　　首先

learn about　　了解，学习

take a look　　看一下

look like　　看起来像

重点句子　Key Sentence　★★★

1. With its tall buildings and busy motorways, it’s hard to believe that the great city of Jakarta grew from one small harbour and a few villages.

要点　重点句型“it is hard to believe + that从句”，表示“很难相信……”，其中it是形式主语，that从句是真正的主语。

译文　高楼大厦和繁忙的高速公路，很难让人相信雅加达这座重要的城市是从一个小港口和几个村庄发展起来的。

2. Its European-style buildings were built by the Dutch, who came here to buy and sell goods in the sixteenth century.

要点　① 固定搭配“be built by +人”，是被动语态，表示“由某人建造”。

② who引导的定语从句，修饰先行词the Dutch。

译文　它的欧式建筑是由荷兰人建造的，他们在16世纪来到这里买卖货物。

3. Sunda Kelapa harbour is where ships from Europe, China and India were filled with tea, coffee, spices, silk and so on to sell to the world.

要点　关系副词where引导的定语从句，修饰先行词Sunda Kelapa harbour。where在从句中作地点状语，表示从欧洲、中国和印度来的船只被装满货物的地方。

译文　巽他格拉巴港是来自欧洲、中国和印度的船只装满茶叶、咖啡、香料、丝绸等销往世界各地的地方。

4. This is the Harbour Master’s Tower—here the Dutch watched their ships entering and leaving the harbour.

要点　entering and leaving the harbour是现在分词短语，用作后置定语，修饰前面的名词ships。这个短语描述了这些船正在进行的动作，即进入和离开港口。

译文　这是港务长的办公楼，荷兰人在此观察他们的船只进出港口。

5. It’s made of stone and for nearly 300 years, it was the only way to cross the Grand Canal on foot.

要点　① 固定搭配the only way to do sth意为“做某事的唯一途径”。

② 重点短语on foot步行。

译文　它是由石头建成的，在近300年的时间里，它是徒步穿越大运河的唯一途径。

6. They filmed some of the scenes there because the cave houses look strange, like maybe they aren’t real.

要点　① film在此处为动词，意为“拍摄”。

② like是介词，表示“像……一样”，在此用来描述这些洞穴房屋看起来像是假的。

译文　他们在那里拍摄了一些场景，因为洞穴房屋看起来很奇怪，好像不是真的一样。

7. It’s one of the most beautiful cities in the world.

要点　one of +名词复数，表示“……之一”。

译文　它是世界上最美丽的城市之一。

8. I would like to talk about some of the history of Vancouver as well as some of the advantages and disadvantages of this ‘green’ city.

要点　① 固定搭配“would like to do sth”表示“想要做某事”，后跟动词原形。

② 重点短语as well as是一个连接词，用来连接两个并列的成分，表示“以及”。

译文　我想谈谈温哥华的一些历史，以及这座“绿色”城市的一些优缺点。

9. But being a green city with lots of parks has both advantages and disadvantages.

要点　① with介词短语作后置定语，起补充说明的作用，修饰a green city，具体描述这个绿色城市的特点。

② 固定搭配both...and...意为“两者都……；既……又……”，需注意连接的两个并列成分必须在形式、时态、词性等方面完全一致。

译文　但是作为一个拥有许多公园的绿色城市，它既有优点也有缺点。

10. Having many parks means that people have less space to build houses and apartments.

要点　动名词（短语）作主语，谓语动词用单数。

译文　有许多公园意味着人们建造房屋和公寓的空间减少了。

11. In my opinion, being close to nature and having a healthy city are worth paying a little money for.

要点　① 重点短语in my opinion意为“在我看来”。

② 固定搭配be worth doing意为“值得做……”，用于强调某事物的价值或重要性。

译文　在我看来，亲近自然，拥有一个健康的城市是值得花一点钱的。

12. This means that many people live in large slums in the city.

要点　本句中this为主语，mean为谓语，that引导的从句为宾语，表示“意味着……”。

译文　这意味着许多人生活在城市的大型贫民窟里。

13. The city is the centre of many government offices and has many universities, one of which is over 1,200 years old.

要点　“one of +关系代词”的结构，表示“……中之一”，关系代词引导定语从句，which指代universities。

译文　这座城市是许多政府机关的中心，拥有许多大学，其中一所大学已有1200多年的历史。

14. It’s getting more expensive to live in big cities, so people who can’t pay the high prices are moving away.

要点　重点句型“it is getting +形容词比较级”，意为“越来越……”。

译文　大城市的生活成本越来越高，所以那些付不起高价的人都搬走了。

15. It was too loud to sleep because of all the noisy cars.

要点　① 固定搭配“too +形容词+ to do不定式”，意为“太……而不能……”。

② because of +名词（词组）/代词/动名词。

译文　汽车的噪声太大了，吵得睡不着。

16. What do people who visit the city on holiday do for fun?

要点　① 重点短语on holiday，意为“在度假，休假”。

② 固定搭配for fun，表示“为了娱乐、消遣”，do for fun就是“为娱乐、消遣而做某事”。

译文　度假时到这座城市游玩的人都做些什么呢？

语法　Grammar

1. 一般过去时（★★★）

① 一般过去时用来描述发生在过去的事件。

② 规则动词过去式变化规则。

• 在规则动词后加-ed，如play → played。

• 在以e结尾的动词后加-d，如use → used。

③ 不规则动词的过去式则不以-ed结尾。

如make → made，see → saw，go → went，put→ put等。

④ 一般过去时的否定形式。

• 构成：did not (didn’t) +动词原形。

• 例：I didn’t see much of Seoul.

⑤ be动词为不规则动词。

• 当主语为I / she / he / it时，be动词用was / wasn’t。

• 当主语为you / we / they时，be动词用were / weren’t。

2. 一般过去时的疑问句（★★★）

① 一般疑问句。

• 构成：Did +主语+动词原形+其他。

• 例：Did they build a new bridge last year?

Yes, they did; No, they didn’t.

② 特殊疑问句。

• 构成：特殊疑问词+ did +主语+动词原形+其他。

• 例：When did they build their house?

3. 名词和形容词（★★）

① 名词一般指人、地或物，如girl, city, bus等。

② 形容词用来描述（修饰）名词，如tall, kind, busy等。

③ 形容词放在名词前，如interesting book。

④ 形容词也出现在be动词之后，如The city is big.

4. 可数名词和不可数名词（★★）

① 可数名词（能数清数量），如two houses等。

② 不可数名词（不能用数量来计算），如information等。

5. 冠词（★★）

① a / an是不定冠词，用在单数可数名词前，如a house。

② a用在辅音音素开头的名词前，如a cafe。

③ an用在元音音素开头的名词前，如an area。

④ 复数可数名词和不可数名词之前不加冠词，如buildings。

6. 量词（★★★）

① a lot of / lots of / many / some / a few后可跟可数名词。

② a lot of / lots of / some / a little后可跟不可数名词。

7. 简单句（★★★）

① 构成：主语+谓语+其他。

② 句子的主语可以是一个名词或名词短语。

③ 句子的谓语可以是一个动词或动词短语。

• 例：My brother lives in the city.（成分完整的句子）

• 例：Lives in the city.（主语缺失）

• 例：My brother in the city.（谓语缺失）

写作　Writing

描写某个城市，并介绍其优缺点

参考范文：

Hello, everyone. Today I’m talking about an interesting place.

I’d like to talk about the city of Beijing, the capital of China. It is one of the biggest cities in the world. And it’s the centre of economy, culture and education in China. Many cities have both advantages and disadvantages, so Beijing is not an exception.

First of all, let’s look at some of the positives. Obviously, there are many places of interest in Beijing. For example, the Forbidden City is located in the centre of Beijing, which was built many hundreds of years ago. Also, there are a lot of famous universities here, such as Peking University, Tsinghua University and so on. If you want to get a good job, you can come to Beijing, because a lot of big companies are waiting for you.

I’d also like to talk about some disadvantages of Beijing. As you know, Beijing is a big city with a large population, so the traffic is not good. We often have rush hours in the morning and in the evening. At the same time, there’s not much room for new buildings, so the price of the houses is very high. Many people can’t afford the houses.

Finally, while I think the disadvantages might mean that some people would not want to visit Beijing, I personally feel that most people would enjoy Beijing. So I would recommend that people visit Beijing and enjoy its attractions.

听力和口语　Listening & Speaking

1. 听力小技巧

① 利用视觉联想预测听力内容。

② 注意元音音素的发音。

例 place /eɪ/, hot /ɒ/, quick /ɪ/, up /ʌ/等。

③ 区分事实和观点。

• 信号词帮助判断听到的内容是事实还是观点。

• 表事实，如in fact, as we know, obviously等。

• 表观点，如in my opinion, I personally feel, I think等。

2. 口语小技巧

① 选择与演讲主题内容相关的信息。

② 以表观点的惯用表达方式（It seems to me that等）开始。

③ 连读。

• 前面单词以辅音音素结尾，后面单词以元音音素开头,要连读，如talk about /tɔ:k əbaʊt/。

单元词汇　Vocabulary