博士研究生入学考试英语模拟试卷七
Section Ⅰ Vocabulary
Directions:
There are 20 incomplete sentences in this section.For each sentence there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that best completes the sentence and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1.Hidden hotel costs can be a source of frustration to the frugal traveler.
A. careful
B. clever
C. ignorant
D.economical
2. Thick with trees and sparse with homes,this tranquil area 50 miles north of Houston could be a slice of heaven.
A. molten
B.serene
C.isolated
D.snobbish
3. Accommodations must be made for students with learning disabilities.
A. Criminal
B.Pump
C.Psychology
D. Lodgings
4. History was being catalogued here,the missed opportunities, blunders , and outright mistakes.
A. attempts
B.insults
C.mistakes
D.arguments
5.The press mocked his attempts to appeal to young voters.
A.ridiculed
B.entertained
C.ignored
D.drew
6.The federal court has been putting pressure on the state to adhere to the population caps in the decree.
A.encounter
B.stick to
C.prepare
D.anticipate
7.Widespread wage reductions were imposed during the recession of 1906—1909 and price inflation thereafter impeded the recovery of real wage levels.
A.convoluted
B.belied
C.encumbered
D.stoked
8.Helplessly she blinked up at him,feeling a slow lethargy creep through her whole body.
A.provision
B.cylinder
C.contradiction
D.exhaustion
9.The attack was meticulously planned and executed.
A.negligently
B.slovenly
C.fussily
D.discreetly
10.At the same time, medical and social science research began to indicate that retirement itself had detrimental effects.
A.damaging
B.magnificent
C.useful
D.relevant
11.His ideas are invariably condemned as______by his colleagues.
A.imaginative
B.ingenious
C.impractical
D.theoretical
12.The reception was attended by______members of the local community.
A.excellent
B.conspicuous
C.prominent
D.noticeable
13.Monday's earthquake______windows and woke residents.
A.slammed
B.prosecuted
C.rattled
D.pierced
14.Environmentalists______that it will not be easy to persuade car drivers to use their vehicles less often.
A.deliver
B.deserve
C.contrast
D.concede
15.Lately,the restaurant chain,which______mainly to blue-collar diners,has been hurt by competition.
A.caters
B.fabricates
C.facilitates
D.flees
16.The nation______the death of its great war leader.
A.protruded
B.lamented
C.rebuked
D.racked
17.The report______poor safety standards for the accident.
A.blames
B.charges
C.complains
D.accuses
18.Having had her as a professor and adviser,I can tell you that she is an______force who pushes her students to excel far beyond their own expectations.
A.inspirational
B.educational
C.excessive
D.instantaneous
19.Hurricanes are killer winds,and their______power lies in the physical damage they can do.
A.cumulative
B.destructive
C.turbulent
D.prevalent
20.He is very______in his family and never does anything against his wife.
A.hence
B.filled
C.enormous
D.humble
Section Ⅱ Cloze
Directions:
Read the following passage.For each numbered blank there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best one and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
Color is very important to most animals for it helps them to get along in the world.Color 21 to make an animal difficult for its enemies to 22 .Many animals match their 23 so well that as long as they do not move no one is 24 to see them.You probably have often“jumped”a rabbit.If you 25 ,you know how the rabbit sits perfectly still 26 you are just a few feet away.You 27 see the rabbit till it runs for its 28 matches very closely the place where it is 29 .Many times you may have walked past a rabbit 30 didn't run and you never knew it was there at all.
One of the most usual color schemes that helps animals to keep 31 being seen,is a dark back and light underpants.If an animal is the same color all 32 ,there is always a dark shadow along the animal's belly （腹部）. 33 an enemy couldn't see the animal he could see this dark shadow.The shadow makes the animal 34 out to view.But if the belly is 35 than the rest of the animal,the shadow will not be noticed.
21.A.helps B.contributes C.tries D.manages
22.A.watch B.see C.catch D.kill
23.A.conditions B.surroundings C.enemies D.bodies
24.A.enable B.hardly C.likely D.possible
25.A.do not B.had not C.did D.have
26.A.where B.there C.while D.until
27.A.sometimes B.occasionally C.seldom D.often
28.A.surface B.coat C.shape D.appearance
29.A.sitting B.matching C.running D.jumping
30.A.you B.that C.it D.which
31.A.out of B.on C.from D.off
32.A.alone B.together C.over D.right
33.A.Even if B.Unless C.However D.As long as
34.A.stand B.stretch C.push D.bring
35.A.thinner B.darker C.bigger D.lighter
Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Directions:
In this section,there are four texts.After each text,there are five questions.Read the texts and answer the questions by choosing A,B,C and D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.
1
For some time past it has been widely accepted that babies—and other creatures—learn to do things because certain acts lead to “rewards”; and there is no reason to doubt that this is true.But it used also to be widely believed that effective rewards,at least in the early stages,had to be directly related to such basic physiological “drives” as thirst or hunger.In other words,a baby would learn if he got food or drink or some sort of physical comfort,not otherwise.
It is now clear that this is not so.Babies will learn to behave in ways that produce results in the world with no reward except the successful outcome.
Papousek began his studies by using milk in the normal way to “reward” the babies and so teach them to carry out some simple movements,such as turning the head to one side or the other.Then he noticed that a baby who had enough to drink would refuse the milk but would still go on making the learned response with clear signs of pleasure.So he began to study the children's response in situation where no milk was provided.He quickly found that children as young as four months would learn to turn their heads to right or left if the movement “switched on” a display of lights—and indeed that they were capable of learning quite complex turns to bring about this result,for instance,two left or two right,or even to make as many as three turns to one side.
Papousek's light display was placed directly in front of the babies and he made the interesting observation that sometimes they would not turn back to watch the lights closely although they would “smile and bubble” when the display came on.Papousek concluded that it was not primarily the sight of lights which pleased them,it was the success that they were achieving in solving the problem,in mastering the skill,and that there exists a fundamental human urge to make sense of the world and bring it under intentional control.
36.According to the author,babies learn to do things which______.
A.are directly related to pleasure
B.will meet their physical needs
C.will bring them a feeling of success
D.will satisfy their curiosity
37.Papousek noticed in his studies that a baby______.
A.would make learned response when it saw the milk
B.would carry out learned movements when it had enough to drink
C.would continue the simple movements without being given milk
D.would turn its head to right or left when it had enough to drink
38.In Papousek's experiment babies made learned movements of the head in order to______.
A.have the lights turned on
B.be rewarded with milk
C.please their parents
D.be praised
39.The babies would “smile and bubble” at the lights because______.
A.the lights were directly related to some basic “drives”
B.the sight of the lights was interesting
C.they need not turn back to watch the lights
D.they succeeded in “switching on” the lights
40.According to Papousek,the pleasure babies get in achieving something is a reflection of______.
A.a basic human desire to understand and control the world
B.the satisfaction of certain physiological needs
C.their strong desire to solve complex problem
D.a fundamental human urge to display their learned skills
2
Every time a person eats something he makes a nutritional decision.He accepts or rejects the food available to him at home for meals or snacks.Or he selects food for himself at many places in the community,such as supermarkets,drive-ins,restaurants,and food counters in drugstores.These selections make a difference in how an individual looks,how he feels,and how well he can work and play.
When a good assortment of food in appropriate amounts is selected and eaten,the consequences are more likely to be a desirable level of health and enough energy to allow one to be as active as one needs and wants to be.When choices are less than desirable,the consequences are likely to be poor health or limited energy or both.
Studies of diets of individuals in the United States show that food selection is a highly individual matter,even among young children.Furthermore, far too many individuals of all ages are making poor choices day after day and are either now living with the consequences or will be in the future.
Nutritionists and workers in allied professions have been concerned about helping people learn to select and enjoy a wide variety of food combinations that can add up to a good diet.
Most people believe that they are well fed—that the choices they make are good ones.After all, they are not really sick,neither are they hungry.However,their nutrition is usually poor in one respect or another.Milk and milk products,such as cheeses,ice cream or milk,buttermilk,and yogurt,are often slighted.Then people may skip many fruits and vegetables,particularly those that are good sources of vitamins A and C.These include dark green leafy vegetables,deep yellow vegetables,and citrus fruits and vegetables,such as cabbage,tomatoes,and green peppers.
Every American has the right to choose to be uniformed about nutrition as well as to be informed.If a person believes that she is well fed,attitudes,habits,and information cannot be forced upon her.
There are life situations,however,that tend to cause all individuals to want to know how to make the best choices.For example,a young couple is starting a family and must prepare food for young children.
41.Food preference in America is______.
A.culturally oriented
B.inherited
C.individualistic
D.according to ages
42.Good amounts of vitamin A can be found in______.
A.celery
B.banana
C.milk
D.cabbage
43.According to the author,nutritionists are concerned with______.
A.improving the vitamin content of processed foods
B.restricting the manufacture of high cholesterol foods
C.informing the public about wholesome foods
D.helping people enjoy being uninformed about nutrition
44.Some people judge their nutrition by the______.
A.status of their health
B.grocery stores where they shop
C.amount of protein in their diets
D.food they took
45.The author advocates______.
A.requiring high school students to take courses on nutrition
B.making information on nutrition available to the public
C.forcing food manufacturers to list ingredients on packages
D.people has the right to choose food
3
Almost since the beginning of mankind,governments have been recording the numbers of their populace.The first known census report took place in 3800 B.C.in Babylonia for the purpose of deciding who should pay taxes.As time went by,governments found other,more creative uses for knowing their numbers.Egyptian King Ramses Ⅱused the census not only to determine who should pay taxes,but also to figure out how to divide land for farming and to decide who could provide manpower for various government projects.These new ideas came about in the mid-1200s-B.C.
William the Conqueror brought the concept of census taking to England in 1085.All landowners were required to name their holdings for the purpose of taxation.By the fifteenth century,Tudor kings found a new twist to the Egyptians' use of the census.They too used the population count as a means of getting ready manpower for important government projects,namely,replenishing troops in the ongoing battles in western Europe.
A rebellious tide swept over England,however,in the mid-1700s.A bill to authorize a regular census was defeated in Parliament on the grounds that it would give valuable information to England's enemies.But the tide of rebellion soon turned,and in 1800 England established its first regular census.
Meanwhile the United States had already had an ongoing census for ten years.It was authorized in the Constitution for the purpose of deciding how many members of Congress would be needed for a fair representation of the American people.The constitutional article also established that the census would be taken in 1790 and every ten years thereafter. And so it has.
Since its beginning,the American census has gone through many changes.Today the census provides more than a count of the people who live here.It takes polls on transportation,economic planning,and agriculture.The census also provides data for most government agency statistics,such as the unemployment rate.
Counting costs have risen since 1790.The government spent about a penny per person to count post-Revolutionary Americans.Today the census costs $ 250 million—more than a dollar per person.That's a long way since 3800 B.C.
46.The first known census report took place in Babylonia in______.
A.1085B.1200
B.C.
C.3800 B.C.
D.1790
47.The first census was created for the sole purpose of______.
A.counting available troops
B.dividing farmland
C.providing manpower
D.taxing the populace
48.The American census today costs the government approximately______.
A.$ 0.01／person
B.$ 0.10／person
C.$ 1.00／person
D.$ 10.00／person
49.Parliament defeated a bill authorizing a regular census because it______.
A.might give valuable news to England
B.would give England's enemies cause for rebellion
C.would be too expensive
D.might disclose information to England's enemies
50.The author implies the American census is______.
A.relatively inexpensive to conduct
B.important to various government branches
C.an exact count of the citizenry
D.fairly expensive before 1790
4
It didn't happen overnight.The problem of polluted air has been festering for centuries.
Suddenly the problem of air pollution is becoming critical and is erupting right before our eyes.Not only do our eyes burn as they focus through murky air,but when the air clears,we see trees and vegetation dying.We must realize that this destruction can no longer be pinned to some mysterious cause.The one major culprit is air pollution.
Today's air pollution is an unfortunate by-product of the growth of civilization.Civilized mall desires goods that require heavy industrialization and mass production.Machines and factories sometimes pollute and taint the air with substances that are dangerous to man and the environment.These substances include radioactive dust,salt spray,herbicide and pesticide aerosols,liquid droplets of acidic matter,gases,and sometimes soil particles.These materials can act alone to irritate objects and forms of life.More dangerously,they join together to act upon the environment.Only lately have we begun recognizing some of their dangerous consequences.
Scientists have not yet been able to obtain a complete report on the effects of air pollution on trees.They do know,however,that sulfur dioxide,fluorides,and ozone destroy trees and that individual trees respond differently to the numerous particulate and gaseous pollutants.Sometimes trees growing in a single area under attack by pollutants will show symptoms of injury or will die while their neighbors remain healthy.Scientists believe this difference in response depends on the kind of tree and its genetic makeup.Other factors,such as the tree's stage of growth and nearness to the pollution source,the amount of pollutant,and the length of the pollution attack also play a part.In short,whether or not a tree dies as a result of air pollution depends on a combination of host and environmental factors.
For the most part,air pollutants injure trees.To conifers,which have year-round needles,air pollution causes early balding.In this event,trees cannot maintain normal food production levels.Undernourished and weakened,they are open to attack by a host of insects,diseases,and other environmental stresses.Death often follows.
Air pollution may also cause hardwoods to lose their leaves.Because their leaves are borne only for a portion of the year and are replaced the following year,air pollution injury to hardwoods may not be so severe.
51.The author attributes today's air pollution to______.
A.the growth of civilization
B.man's carelessness
C.environmental imbalance
D.some mysterious cause
52.The resistance of some trees to disease can be traced to______.
A.protective foliage
B.thick bark
C.genetic makeup
D.tainted air
53.Air pollution causes the most damage to______.
A.hardwoods
B.conifers
C.fruit trees
D.fluorides
54.The author implies that the greatest source of pollution is______.
A.heavy industry
B.chemical processing plants
C.urban expansion
D.salt spray
55.We can conclude that______.
A.air pollution is easier to control than water pollution
B. the problem of polluted air is a problem overnight
C.the impact of air pollution has been known for centuries
D.research on the effects of air pollution is incomplete
Section Ⅳ Translation
Directions:
In this section there is a passage in English.Translate it into Chinese and write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.
Books are to mankind what memory is to individual.They contain the history of our race,the discoveries we have made,the accumulated knowledge and experience of ages; they picture for us the marvels and beauties of nature; help us in our difficulties,comfort us in sorrow and in suffering,change hours of weariness into moments of delight,store our minds with ideas,fill them with good and happy thoughts,and lift us out of and above ourselves.
Section Ⅴ Writing
Directions:
In this part,you are asked to write a composition entitled“My View on an Admission Interview for Ph.D Candidates”in no less than 200 words.Your composition should be based on the following outline given in Chinese.Put your composition on ANSWER SHEET 2.
1.博士研究生入学面试是否必要？
2.在博士研究生入学面试中，你认为最重要的是展示哪几个方面？
3.你将如何展示这些方面？